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The Politics of Genocide, by Edward S. Herman, David Peterson
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In this impressive book, Edward S. Herman and David Peterson examine the uses and abuses of the word “genocide.” They argue persuasively that the label is highly politicized and that in the United States it is used by the government, journalists, and academics to brand as evil those nations and political movements that in one way or another interfere with the imperial interests of U.S. capitalism. Thus the word “genocide” is seldom applied when the perpetrators are U.S. allies (or even the United States itself), while it is used almost indiscriminately when murders are committed or are alleged to have been committed by enemies of the United States and U.S. business interests. One set of rules applies to cases such as U.S. aggression in Vietnam, Israeli oppression of Palestinians, Indonesian slaughter of so-called communists and the people of East Timor, U.S. bombings in Serbia and Kosovo, the U.S. war of “liberation” in Iraq, and mass murders committed by U.S. allies in Rwanda and the Republic of Congo. Another set applies to cases such as Serbian aggression in Kosovo and Bosnia, killings carried out by U.S. enemies in Rwanda and Darfur, Saddam Hussein, any and all actions by Iran, and a host of others.
With its careful and voluminous documentation, close reading of the U.S. media and political and scholarly writing on the subject, and clear and incisive charts, The Politics of Genocide is both a damning condemnation and stunning exposé of a deeply rooted and effective system of propaganda aimed at deceiving the population while promoting the expansion of a cruel and heartless imperial system.
- Sales Rank: #1101030 in eBooks
- Published on: 2010-04-01
- Released on: 2010-04-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Edward S. Herman is professor emeritus of finance at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania and has written extensively on economics, political economy, and the media. Among his books are Corporate Control, Corporate Power; The Real Terror Network; The Political Economy of Human Rights (with Noam Chomsky); and Manufacturing Consent (with Noam Chomsky).
David Peterson is an independent journalist and researcher based in Chicago.
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
A Good Reference book for USA double-standards re Genocides
By Michael B. Green
Herman and Peterson (H&P) have written one of the best and clearest accounts of US sponsored and supported genocides available. If there is any criticism to be made of their efforts, it is that they emphasize media bias rather than masterful hands-on orchestration of deliberate disinformation, and they leave the bias much too much unexplained, relying on their Propaganda Model from "Manufacturing Consent." They are of the Z-mag school that denies or minimizes the significance of the operation of major US domestic covert operations and so relies on excellent scholarship but is silent and misguided about the actual organization of state power.
The book repeatedly demonstrates that the US media is a propaganda machine perpetrating a particular myth, which not by coincidence is the very myth that Walter Lippmann set forth in the early 1920s in his masterpiece, "Public Opinion." Lippmann argued that such matters as foreign policy are far beyond the range of interest and cognitive capacities of the average person who, he contended, was generally capable of grasping only primitive stereotypes arranged into enjoyably simple narratives. Examples of such are that when the US kills it is noble and brave and its victims unworthy of concern, whereas when the US is attacked it is cowardly and base, and their victims deserve our deepest consideration. Our genocides are good and constructive, theirs evil and monstrous. Our allies are good and true, our enemies evil and dishonest, etc. They do a fine and convincing job of laying out identical atrocities side by side and noting that each is clothed in a different narrative depending upon whether it is friend or foe or U.S. The explanation for the success of such patent lies is to be found in Lippmann's lesser known but equally deep book, his 1929 "A Preface to Morals." Tragically, the ruling class understands the masses so much better than those wishing to mitigate their suffering. The writing of H&P, alas, remains dry as dirt almost throughout, abstract and unmoving, unable to make one's blood boil or heart race, and certainly little able to move its readers to action.
Almost the entire political careers of Herman, Chomsky, and now Peterson are devoted to "debunking" the content of the particular myths thus told, and by implication affirming the truth of what Lippmann said about the range of human interest, motivation and capacity. The professional Sin Eaters like H-C-P are atypical, and sadly suffer from a false picture of human nature. They keep bringing facts and reason to the table of a glutton addicted to sensation and spectacle that gratifies baser instincts even while one of them -- Chomsky -- keeps paying homage to the high moral purpose of the average American. I have more than a bit of the Sin Eater in my make-up, but a more accurate picture of the audience to which I would like to present the truth; its lack of interest and ability never ceases to astound.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Discover the Monthly Review website and save a bundle.
By Michael B. Green
As I write this review a used copy of this book is selling for $499. This book is available at the Monthly Review website bookstore brand new for $15.00. Gosh, which is a better deal? This ad plays its readers for suckers. The rating is five stars for the book, one star for the outrageous price, resulting in a confusing overall three star rating.
Herman and Peterson write the best and clearest accounts of US sponsored and supported genocides available. If there is any criticism to be made of their efforts, it is that they emphasize media bias rather than masterful hands-on orchestration of deliberate disinformation, and they leave the bias much too much unexplained, relying on their Propaganda Model from "Manufacturing Consent." They are of the Z-mag school that denies or minimizes the significance of the operation of major US domestic covert operations and so relies on excellent scholarship but is silent and misguided about the actual organization of state power.
The book repeatedly demonstrates that the US media is a propaganda machine perpetrating a particular myth, which not by coincidence is the very myth that Walter Lippmann set for in the 1920s in his masterpiece, "Public Opinion." Lippmann argued that such matters as foreign policy are far beyond the range of interest and cognitive capacities of the average person who, he contended, was generally capable only of grasping primitive stereotypes arranged into enjoyably simple narratives. Examples of such are that when the US kills it is noble and brave, whereas when the US is attacked it is cowardly and base. Our allies are good and true, our enemies evil and dishonest, etc. Almost the entire political careers of Herman, Chomsky, and now Peterson are devoted to "debunking" the content of the particular myths thus told, and by implication affirming the truth of what Lippmann said about the range of human interest, motivation and capacity. The professional Sin Eaters like H-C-P are atypical, and sadly suffer from a false picture of human nature. They keep bringing facts and reason to the table of a glutton addicted to sensation and spectacle that gratifies baser instincts even while one of them -- Chomsky -- keeps paying homage to the high moral purpose of the average American. I have more than a bit of the Sin Eater in my make-up, but a more accurate picture of the audience to which I would like to present the truth; its lack of interest and ability never ceases to astound.
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting Read, if a Little Short
By BM
Applying the "Propoganda Model" (crafted by Herman with Noam Chomsky; see Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media) to the recent history of genocide and bloodbaths, the Herman and Peterson demonstrate how politicized the term of genocide is: reserved for our official enemies, but ignored when the US or its allies carry out the killing.
The authors briefly review major bloodbaths and genocides in the past 30 years, particularly with regard to their depiction in the mainstream Western media. Thus readers should be aware that this book does not go deeply into the events and history surrounding the bloodbath/genocide.
Another question is why Afghanistan wasn't a separate case in the book. Dasht-e-Leili, a massacre of several thousand by the Northern Alliance, is included, but not the country as a whole. Since this treatment is granted to Iraq, it is unclear why it is not similarly given for Afghanistan. Even, for example, the initial bombings in late 2001 may have resulted in as many as 20,000 casualties. [1]
A casualty of the cursory treatment given to each atrocity is that competing narratives of a bloodbath/genocide are not given much space. This is not a problem for most of the cases, as they are generally uncontroversial at to the facts. However, the chapter on Rwanda has received strong backlash from some academics. Herman and Peterson appear to be aware of how controversial their thesis is (which is that it was the Hutus, and not the Tutsis who suffered the majority of casualties from the genocide), and devote the most text to it than for any other atrocity.
Having read Gerald Caplan's review of Politics of Genocide and the responses that followed, I've concluded the following, speaking as a non-expert on the Rwanda genocide:
*A key piece of evidence presented by the authors is a study written by Christian Davenport and Allan Stam; they quote from the study: "[t]he killings in the zone controlled by the FAR [i.e., the Hutu-controlled Armed Forces of Rwanda] seemed to escalate as the RPF [Rwandan Patriotic Front, the main Tutsi militia] moved into the country and acquired more territory. When the RPF advanced, large-scale killings escalated. When the RPF stopped, large-scale killings largely decreased." (58) However, Herman and Peterson make no compelling case to attribute these killings to the RPF. On his blog, Adam Jones, a student of genocide, notes this "fits with a picture of Hutu Power agents lashing out genocidally at Tutsis, in spasms that correlate with RPF advances."
*The authors also quote from a September 1994 State Department memo which notes that the "[RPF] and Tutsi civilian surrogates [killing] 10,000 or more Hutu civilians per month, with the [RPF] accounting for 95% of the killing." (57) However, that would lead to, in a few months time, thirty or forty thousand Hutus dying, which conforms to the 'standard model' or the genocide. To reach the level of Hutu casualties argued for by Herman and Peterson, such a rate of killing would have to continue for more than five years for Hutus to make up a majority of casualties.
The authors do bring up an important point in that no Tutsi or member of the Kagame regime has been prosecuted for war crimes. If the above memo is correct, that is indeed a travesty of justice.
*The case that "the RPF was the only well-organized killing force within Rwanda in 1994" isn't made as strongly as it should have been, considering this part of the authors' argument is so integral to their overall conclusions. The authors state that three consecutive prime ministers were "either pro-RPF or subsidized by it", a pro-RPF minister headed the civilian intelligence agency, and "Rwanda's "integrated" military then combined the armed forces of the Tutisi-lead RPF that was seeking to overthrow the government alongside the government's regular army". (129) It's unclear why the government's regular army isn't considered a 'well-organized killing force' or, for that matter, why the Interahamwe militia isn't also included in this category. For example, according to Gerald Caplan [2], Belgian intelligence reported "at the end of 1993 that `The interahamwe are armed to the teeth and on alert...each of them has ammunition, grenades, mines and knives. They are all waiting for the right moment to act'".
*While informing the reader that the US desired a different regime in power in Rwanda, the authors never explain why. What was Habyarimana doing that was so objectionable to the US government?
*The authors claim that Tutsi forces mobilized "60 to 120 minutes" (56) after Rwandan president Habyarimana was killed, providing evidence that the killing was preplanned by the RPF. However, the source for this is a public lecture by Allen C. Stam; I may be nitpicking here, but a better source is preferable.
*Herman and Peterson find it "incredible in the extreme" that "Rwanda would be the first case in history in which a minority population, suffering destruction at the hands of its tormentors, drove its tormentors from power and assumed control of a country". (56-57) However, I agree with Adam Jones [3] that Herman and Peterson are "conflating Rwanda's civilian Tutsis with "Kagame's Tutsi forces"", given that the RPF was, by Herman and Peterson's own admission, an outside invading force.
*One point not mentioned in any of the responses to Herman and Peterson is why the Hutu government's UN ambassador pleaded for more UN peacekeepers while Paul Kagame and the RPF desired the opposite. It seems that those carrying out genocide would prefer not having outside observers of any kind.
One should be able to attack conventional wisdom, whether it's physics or genocide, without being attacked personally. Unfortunately Herman and Peterson were immediately labeled genocide deniers and part of the "lunatic fringe", as Caplan put them (the authors one-upped Caplan by accusing him of being a "genocide facilitator"). Their work deserves serious attention and, if necessary, serious rebuttals.
[1] Steele, Jonathan. May 20, 2001. "Forgotten victims". The Guardian.
[2] Caplan, Gerald. June 17, 2010. "The politics of denialism: The strange case of Rwanda". Pambazuka News.
[3] Jones, Adam. July 15, 2010. "On genocide deniers: Challenging Herman and Peterson". Pambazuka News.
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